claim.” There was no compromise possible with Nazi views (pp. 8–9). The need of the hour was not for the church to become political, but theological: “Dear brothers and fellow students! This hour of German history compels us now more than ever to be theologians who in this hour now as before are bound solely by God’s Word in the Holy Scriptures” (p. 9, italics in original). Being bound to the Scriptures was no refuge from the world; it threw the Christian directly into the conflict. Lackmann made